改革

完善的碳治理体系是兼顾公正与转型双重目标的制度设计。我国现行碳治理体系在削减碳排放总量方面成效显著，但存在参与不均、红利分配不公、区域发展不协调等问题，未能充分回应公正转型要求。作为一项在长期实践探索中逐渐形成的制度创新，碳普惠机制通过拓展公众和中小企业参与边界，有效提升了转型参与的包容性、竞争的公平性、红利分配的公正性，已经成为中国特色碳治理体系的重要组成部分。然而，碳普惠机制在现实运行中还存在制度设计不协同、技术标准不健全、数据信任体系薄弱、减排成果消纳渠道少、社会认知和行为激励有待强化等瓶颈，制约了其功能充分发挥。建议进一步强化顶层设计，健全碳减排核算和技术标准体系，构建统一高效的数据治理机制，拓展减排成果消纳渠道，完善多元主体参与的激励机制，推动形成政府引导、市场运作、社会协同相结合的运行格局，丰富完善中国特色碳治理体系，既为实现“双碳”目标提供制度保障，又为世界各国实现降碳和公正转型提供中国方案。

A well-developed carbon governance system is an institutional design that balances the dual goals of fairness and transition. China's current carbon governance system has achieved significant results in reducing total carbon emissions, but it suffers from uneven participation, unfair distribution of benefits, and uncoordinated regional development, making it difficult to fully meet the requirements of just transition. As an institutional innovation gradually formed through long-term practical exploration, the carbon inclusive mechanism has effectively enhanced the inclusiveness of transition participation, the fairness of competition, and the justice of benefit distribution by expanding the participation boundaries for the public and small and medium-sized enterprises. It has become an important component of China's carbon governance system with distinctive features. However, the carbon inclusive mechanism faces bottlenecks in its practical implementation, including uncoordinated institutional design, inadequate technical standards, weak data trust systems, limited channels for absorbing emission reduction achievements, and deficiencies in social awareness and behavioral incentive,which constrain its functional effectiveness. Recommendations include further strengthening top-level design, improving the carbon emission reduction accounting and technical standard system, establishing a unified and efficient data governance mechanism, expanding channels for absorbing emission reduction achievements, refining incentive mechanisms for multi-stakeholder participation, and promoting an operational framework that integrates government guidance, market operation, and social collaboration.These measures aim to enrich and improve China's distinctive carbon governance system, providing institutional safeguards for achieving the "dual carbon" goals and offering a Chinese solution for global efforts to reduce carbon emissions and achieve just transition.